多元投资勘查局面已经形成——带你了解我国页岩气资源情况
经过近5年的努力，我国页岩气勘查开发已经取得了良好的开端。
《中国页岩气资源调查报告（2014）》（以下简称“报告”）显示，我国页岩气勘查开发企业已率先在四川盆地取得页岩气勘探突破，已探明首个千亿立方米整装页岩气田，勘查开发技术已基本实现了国产化，开始进入规模化开发初期阶段。
截至2014年底，累计投资230亿元，在重庆涪陵、四川长宁、威远等地取得重大突破，获得页岩气三级地质储量近5000亿立方米，其中探明地质储量为1067.5亿立方米，建成产能32亿立方米/年，累计生产页岩气15亿立方米。
After nearly five years of hard work, the shale gas exploration and development of China has made a good beginning.
As"The Report on Shale Gas Resource in China (2014)"(hereinafter referred to as "the report") shows, the shale gas exploration and development companies in China has taken the lead in shale gas exploration and development in Sichuan basin, they discovered the first un-compartmentalized shale gas field with a geological reserve of one hundred billion cubic meters. The exploration and development technology had been basically localized, and entered the large-scale development in the early stage.
By the end of 2014, the total investment was 23 billion. Major breakthroughs were made in Fuling of Chongqing, Changning, Weiyuan of Sichuan and other areas. The tricritcal geological reserves of shale gas achieved nearly 500 billion cubic meters, including 106.75 billion cubic meters of explored geological reserves, 3.2 billion cubic meters of build production capacity per year, and 1.5 billion cubic meters of cumulative production of shale gas.
页岩油气资源潜力总体很大
我国富有机质页岩层系多、分布广，页岩气资源潜力巨大。调查显示，南方下古生界海相地层是我国页岩气主力层系，中上扬子地区龙马溪组为最优层段，占全国页岩气资源量的20%。
2009年～2012年，国土资源部累计投入6.6亿元，开展了全国页岩气资源潜力评价和重点地区页岩气资源调查工作，对我国41个盆地（或地区）、87个评价单元、57个含气页岩层段的页岩气资源潜力进行了评价。实施调查井62口，参数井4口，重磁电测量1500千米，二维地震210千米。
结果表明，全国页岩气地质资源量134万亿立方米（不含青藏区），约是常规天然气地质资源量的两倍；页岩气可采资源量25万亿立方米。同时，基本查明南方下古生界海相地层是我国页岩气主力层系。
The shale oil and gas has a large resource potential
The shale system was rich and widespread in China, and the shale gas resource had a tremendous potential. According to the survey, the lower Paleozoic marine strata in the south was the main shale system in China, the Longmaxi Formation of Middle and Upper Yangtze region is the optimal section, which accounted for 20% of the shale gas resource of the whole country.
From 2009 to 2012, the Ministry of Land and Resources spent 660 million on the investigative work of shale gas resource in the key areas. It also made evaluations on the potential evaluation of shale gas resource in 41 basins (regions), 87 evaluation units, and 57 gas shale sections in China, which including 62 implementary survey wells, 4 parametric wells, 1500 km of gravity-magnetic-electric measurement, and 210 km of two-dimensional seism.
The results showed that 134 trillion cubic meters of the shale gas geological resource (excluding the Qinghai-Tibet), was about double of conventional natural gas geological resource. Shale gas recoverable resource was 25 trillion cubic meters. Meanwhile, it was found that the lower Paleozoic marine strata bed in the south was the main shale gas system in our country.
开发示范基地取得重大进展
一些重点地区如长宁-威远示范区、重庆涪陵勘查开发示范基地、云南昭通示范区、陕西延长示范区、黔北勘查试验区、招标区块等地区页岩气资源评价工作取得了进展。
截至2014年底，开发示范基地总计落实页岩气地质资源量6.99亿立方米，落实探明地质储量1067.50亿立方米。
涪陵勘查开发示范基地位于四川盆地东南部，包括万县以南、涪陵以北、垫江以东、忠县以西广大地区。预计到2015年底，涪陵勘查开发示范基地预计探明储量1000亿立方米，形成产能50亿立方米/年，产气量32亿立方米/年；到2017年底，预计累计探明地质储量3000亿立方米，建成产能100亿立方米/年，为全国页岩气勘查开发提供典型示范。
2014年8月，国土资源部还与贵州省人民政府联合设立黔北页岩气综合勘查试验区，以加快推进贵州省页岩气勘查开发工作。
Major progress was made in the development demonstration base
Some key areas made progress on the evaluation of shale gas resource, such as Changning-Weiyuan demonstration area, Fuling of Chongqing exploration development demonstration base, Zhaotong of Yunnan demonstration area, Yanchang of Shaanxi demonstration area, the north of Guizhou exploration testing area, and the bidding regions.
By the end of 2014, the development demonstration base confirmed that the shale gas geological resource was 699 million cubic meters, the explored geological reserves was 106.75 billion cubic meters.
Fuling exploration development demonstration base was located in the southeast of Sichuan, including the south of Wanxian, the north of Fuling, the east of Dianjiang, and the west of Zhongxian. By the end of 2015, it is predicted that the Fuling exploration development demonstration base will have explored reserves of 100 billion cubic meters, which will form 5 billion cubic meters of production capacity, 3.2 billion cubic meters of the gas production rate per year. By the end of 2017, it is predicted that the accumulative explored geological reserve will reach 300 billion cubic meters and the production capacity will reach 10 billion cubic meters per year, which will provide the typical demonstration for shale gas exploration development throughout the country.
In August 2014, the Ministry of Land and Resources and the People's Government of Guizhou had set up the shale gas comprehensive exploration testing area in the north of Guizhou, for accelerating the shale gas exploration development in Guizhou.
页岩气商业开发拉开序幕
我国页岩气市场无疑是巨大的。
截至2014年底，涪陵页岩气田年内完成试气井75口，提前完成全年新建20亿立方米产能任务，目前该气田已累积产气超过12亿立方米，日产气360万立方米。
中国石油在四川威远区块实施威204井，经压裂测试，初始产量16.5万立方米/日，长宁区块宁201井测试产量15万立方米/日；云南昭通区块YS108H1-1水平井获得最高20万立方米/日的工业气流。在长宁-威远和昭通区块实现页岩气勘查突破，获得三级储量2000多亿立方米。
数据显示，截至2014年底，石油企业和中标企业累计投资218.8亿元，完成二维地震2万千米，三维地震2134平方千米，钻井669口（其中调查井90口，直井探井234口，水平井345口），铺设管线235千米。其中，2014年度投资91.7亿元，完成二维地震2938千米，三维地震1841平方千米，钻井162口，生产页岩气13亿立方米。2012年～2014年全国页岩气累计产量超过15亿立方米。此外，在重庆涪陵和彭水、四川长宁-威远和富顺-永川、云南昭通和贵州习水等地区启动页岩气产能建设。
The shale gas business development is kicked off
The shale gas market is huge in China.
By the end of 2014, Fuling shale gas field completed 75 testing gas well, 2 billion cubic meters of new production capacity was completed in advance. Now this field has produced over 1.2 billion cubic meters of gas, with a daily gas production of 3.6 million cubic meters.
CNPC implemented Wei well 204 in Weiyuan block of Sichuan, after the fracturing testing, the initial output was 165000 cubic meters per day, the production testing of Ning 201 well in Changning block was 150000 cubic meters per day. YS108H1-1 horizontal well in Zhaotong section of Yunnan got the industrial gas flow up to 200000 cubic meters per day. Changning-Weiyuan and Zhaotong section achieved the shale gas exploration breakthrough, and obtained more than 200 billion cubic meters of tertiary reserves .
According to the data, by the end of 2014, the petroleum enterprises and the bid winners completed 20000 km of two-dimensional seism, 2134 square km of three dimensional seism, 669 drilling wells (including 90 survey wells, 234 vertical wells, 345 horizontal wells), and 235 km pipeline laying with a total investment of 21.88 billion yuan. Among them, the annual investment in 2014 was 9.17 billion, which completed 2938 km of two-dimensional seism, 1841 square km of three dimensional seism, 162 drilling wells and 1.3 billion cubic meters of shale gas production.From 2012 to 2014, the production of shale gas was more than 1.5 billion cubic meters in total. In addition, it started the shale gas production capacity construction in Pengshui and Fuling of Chongqing, Changning-Weiyuan and Fushun-Yongchuan of Sichuan, Zhaotong of Yunnan, and Xishui of Guizhou.
勘查开发技术基本实现国产
我国在页岩气钻完井技术研究方面研究起步较晚，但进步较快。
报告指出，目前我国页岩气勘查开发技术及装备基本实现国产化，水平井成本不断下降，施工周期不断缩短。通过技术引进、消化吸收和攻关，我国基本掌握了页岩气地球物理、钻井、完井、压裂和试气等页岩气勘查开发技术。3500米以浅水平井钻井及分段压裂熟练作业，具备水平井分段压裂段多达22段、长达2130米的能力。自主研发的可移动式钻机、3000型压裂车等设备，以及页岩气“甜点”预测软件，在勘查开发中取得较好的应用效果。水平井钻完井周期从150天减少到70天，最短46天，水平井单井成本从1亿元下降到5000万元～7000万元。
Domestic exploration development technology
The shale gas drilling and completion technology research started late in China, but progress faster.
According to the report, at present, the shale gas exploration development technology and equipment in China has been basically localized, the cost of horizontal wells continue to fall, and the construction period is shortening. Through the technology introduction, absorption and problem tackling, China has generally mastered shale gas exploration development technology, such as shale gas geophysics, well drilling, well completion, fracturing and gas testing. It also mastered the ability of 3500 meters shallow horizontal well drilling and staged fracturing work, up to 22 sections of the horizontal well staged fracturing section, with a length of 2130 meters. The independent research and development product like the mobile drilling rig, model 3000 fracturing truck, and the shale gas "dessert" prediction software have achieved good application effect in the exploration development. The horizontal well drilling completion cycle is reduced from 150 to 70 days (46 days minimum), the cost of single horizontal well is decreased from 100 million to the range of 50 million to 70 million yuan.
相关扶持鼓励政策逐步落实
国土资源部立足资源管理职能，按照“开放市场、有序竞争、创新机制、协调联动”的原则，着力推动页岩气勘查开发。2009年以来，开展了页岩气资源潜力评价及有利区带优选，进行了两轮页岩气勘查区块招标，经国务院批准，将页岩气设置为独立矿种，放开了页岩气勘查开采市场，发布了《关于加强页岩气勘查开采和监督管理有关工作的通知》，出台了《页岩气资源/储量计算与评价技术规范》。
为及时跟踪我国页岩气招标区块最新进展，全面了解页岩气招标区块勘查开发现状，中国地质调查局油气资源调查中心多次组织召开页岩气勘查开发进展座谈会，介绍21个中标区块工程进展、勘查开发成果及最新地质认识，探讨工作推进中遇到的地质、工程技术问题，提出了建设性意见。该中心建立企业联盟机制，与中标企业开展联合攻关研究，根据企业的不同需求和特殊问题，采取有针对性的专家咨询会，为企业答疑解难，并组织中标企业技术人员到重庆地区进行页岩气现场考察。
The related supportive and encouraging policies were gradually implemented
Based on its resource management function, the Ministry of Land and Resources strives to promote the shale gas exploration development in accordance with the principle of"open market, orderly competition, innovation mechanism, coordinate interaction".Since 2009, it carried out the shale gas resource potential evaluation and favorable zones optimization and two rounds of shale gas exploration bidding. Approved by the State Council, it set the shale gas as independent minerals, opened the shale gas exploration mining market, released"Notice on strengthening shale gas exploration recoverable and supervision and administration", and issued"Technical specifications on shale gas reserves calculation and evaluation".
In order to track the the latest progress of shale gas bidding sections in our country timely and fully understand the present situation of the exploration development of shale gas bidding sections, Oil and Gas Resources Survey Center of China Geological Survey has organized the shale gas exploration development symposium for many times, introduced the progress in the 21 bidder blocks, exploration development achievements and the latest geological understanding, explored the problems about geology and engineering technology, brought forward the constructive suggestions. OGS set up the mechanism of enterprise alliance, and carried out co-research with the bid winners. According to varied requirements and special problems of the enterprises, OGS took the targeted expert consultation, answered questions for the enterprises and organized the technicians of bid winners to Chongqing for shale gas site inspection.
全产业链标准体系逐步完善
页岩气全产业链标准体系的建设，为我国页岩气产业提供了科学有效的标准规范。
2014年4月，国土资源部发布并实施我国首部页岩气储量行业标准《页岩气资源／储量计算与评价技术规范》。我国将从页岩气资源评价、钻完井、井控、压裂、环境保护等方面入手，在3年～5年内基本建成我国页岩气全产业链标准体系，为我国页岩气产业提供科学有效的标准规范。
2013年11月，国家能源局发布《页岩含气量测定方法》，于2014年4月1日起实施。
The whole industrial chain system was gradually improved
The construction of the shale gas whole industrial chain standard system provides scientific and effective standards for the shale gas industry in China.
In April 2014, the Ministry of Land and Resources issued and implemented "Technical specifications on shale gas reserves calculation and evaluation ", the first industry standard for shale gas reserves in China. In 3 to 5 years, China will build the whole industrial chain standard system from the shale gas resource evaluation, drilling and completion, well control, fracturing, environmental protection, ect. It will provide scientific and effective standard specification for the shale gas industry in China.
In November 2013, the National Energy Administration released "The determination method of the gas shale ", which was implemented in April 1, 2014.